Lesson 2

Vocabulary

in conclusion (exp.)   �����ػ  ����ػ

         In conclusion, the guest speaker asked the audience some questions. He wanted to make sure that they understood what he said.

          㹡����ػ ᢡ�Ѻ�ԭ����Ӷ�����ѧ �ҵ�ͧ�����������Ҽ��ѧ�������觷���Ҿٴ

 

to conclude (exp.)    ��ػ

          To conclude this meeting, we�ll vote for our representative.

          ������ػ��û�Ъ�� �ǡ��Ҩ�ŧ��ṹ���͡���᷹�ͧ�ǡ���

 

genuine (adj.)    �ͧ��   ���ԧ

          This handbag is made of genuine leather.

          �������о��㺹��Өҡ˹ѧ��

 

enthusiasm (n.)   ������������

          All the students are full of enthusiasm. They are very keen to learn.

          �ѡ���¹�ء���դ�����е������� �ǡ����ҡ�����¹�ҡ

 

distinguished (adj.)  �ʹ������  �ժ������§

Thomas Alva Edison is a distinguished scientist. He�s well-known throughout the world.

          ���� ����� �ʹ��ѹ�繹ѡ�Է����ʵ�����ժ������§ ���繷�����ѡ价����š

 

mechanism (n.)    �Ըա�÷ӧҹ   ���

          I think the mechanism of our organization needs an improvement.

          �ѹ�Դ����Ըա�÷ӧҹ�ͧͧ��âͧ�ǡ��ҵ�ͧ��á�û�Ѻ��ا

 

get ahead (v.)   ���ʺ���������  ����˹��

          You must study hard if you want to get ahead in this course.

          �س��ͧ�������¹ ��Ҥس��ͧ��û��ʺ�����������Ԫҹ�� 

 

in comparison (exp.)   ������º��º

          In comparison with the previous lesson, this one seems to be easier.

          㹡�����º��º�Ѻ�����¹������� �����¹���٧��¡���

 

catch on (v.)   ���� ����

          At first Peter didn�t understand the lesson, but eventually he caught on.

          �͹�á ������������㨺����¹ ��㹷���ش�ҡ�����

 

get by (on/in/with something)   ���Թ������  �������� 

          How do you get by on such a small salary?

          �س�ժ��Ե��������Թ��͹�ӹǹ���¹�������ҧ��

 

intention (n.)    ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½  ਵ��

          Her intention is to graduate her Bachelor Degree within 4 years.

          �������㨢ͧ�ͤ�� ���¹����ԭ�ҵ������ � ��

 

gripe (v.)    �������ش

          Sarah gripes about going to the meeting.

          ��������������ش����ͧ��ͧ任�Ъ��

 

considerable (adj.)    �ӹǹ�ҡ

          She spent a considerable amount of money on her clothes.

          ��������Թ�ӹǹ�ҡ�Ѻ����觵��

 

in common (exp.)     ����͹�ѹ

          Tony and Teresa have something in common. They like movies, sports and food.

          ⷹ������������պҧ���ҧ�������͹�ѹ �ǡ�Ҫͺ�Ҿ¹��� ������������

 

in all (exp.)    ������

          I have 5 Baht, Ken has 10 Baht and Jack has 15 Baht. In all, we have 30 Baht.

          �ѹ���Թ � �ҷ ह���Թ �� �ҷ ��������Թ �� �ҷ ������������� �ǡ������Թ �� �ҷ

 

tremendous (adj.)  �˭��  �ҡ���

          I have a tremendous amount of money to spend in shopping.

          �ѹ���Թ�ӹǹ�ҡ����Ѻ��èѺ���������

 

numerous (adj.)   �ӹǹ�ҡ   �ҡ���

          The company received numerous complaints from the customers.

          ����ѷ���Ѻ�Ӻ��ҡ��¨ҡ�١���

 

independent (adj.)     �������

          My grandmother lives alone and is very independent.

          �س��¢ͧ�ѹ����µ���Ӿѧ���������� ����ͧ��觾���

 

dependent (adj.)    ��觾Ҽ�����

          Little babies are dependent on their parents.

          �硷�á��ͧ��觾�����¾�����

 

orderly (adj.)   ������º  ���Թ��

          Lieutenant Martin�s desk is very orderly. He puts everything in order.

          ��зӧҹ�ͧ�����͡����Թ������º���º�����ҡ �ҨѴ�ҧ�ء���ҧ���к�

muscular (adj.)   ���ç   ����

          We need a big and muscular man to help us move this cabinet.

          �ǡ��ҵ�ͧ��ü���µ���˭�������ç�Ҫ������µ��㺹��

 

mechanical (adj.)   ����ǡѺ����ͧ�ѡá�

          George�s dream is to become a mechanical engineer.

          �����ѹ�ͧ���쨤�������ǡ�����ͧ��

 

make up (v.)    �觢��

          We made up a special poem for our beloved friend.

          �ǡ����觺���͹����ɢ���������͹����ѡ�ͧ�ǡ���

 

stick out (v.)    ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¡ï¿½ï¿½    �ź

          The doctor told the boy to stick out his tongue.

          ��ͺ͡����硪���ź����͡��

 

all in all (exp.)    �����

          All in all, the performers did well in the musical.

          ��������� �ѡ�ʴ��ء���ʴ������Ф��ŧ

 

imitate (v.)   ���¹Ẻ

          The child tries to imitate his father�s voice.

          �硾��������¹Ẻ���§��ͧ͢��

 

basis (n.)    ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ó¤Ñ­

         The basis of their protest was that the government must enforce the law to protect children.

          �����Ӥѭ�ͧ��û�з�ǧ��� �Ѱ��ŵ�ͧ�ѧ�Ѻ�顮���»���ͧ�ǡ���

 

trim (v.)   ����

          I need the scissors to trim my hair.

          �ѹ��ͧ��á������������

 

protrude (v.)    ����͡��   ���

          The poles protruded over the back end of the truck.

          �������͡�Ҩҡ��ҹ��ѧ�ͧö��÷ء  

 

in short    ��ػ����

         The food was tasty, tourist attractions were very beautiful, and the accommodation was comfortable. In short, it was a wonderful trip.

          ���������� ʶҹ����ͧ�������§���ҡ ��з��ѡ�дǡʺ�� ��ػ���� �ѹ�繡���Թ�ҧ����ʹ�������ҡ

 

Exercise

�����㹪�ͧ��ҧ������Ѿ������ҹ��

enthusiasm              get ahead                genuine                   considerable

distinguished             catch on                  gripe                       in common

numerous                orderly                    imitate                    trim

in short                   intention                  mechanism              dependent

in comparison

 

1.       Prof. Johnson is a _______________ guest speaker who is an expert in geology.

2.       Jennifer is always _____________ on her friends. She cannot do anything by herself.

3.       My _____________ is to finish my report before taking the trip to New York.

4.       The ______________ of our body is very interesting.

5.       My room is very_____________. It�s not messy as you think.

6.       __________________ with Bangkok, Chiang Mai is a big province.

7.       I spend a __________________ amount of time doing my assignment.

8.       Some customers always ____________ about the taste of the food in this restaurant.

9.       The books in the library are too _____________ to read within 2 months.

10.   The visitors show their ______________ for the art exhibition. They spend almost 5 hours there.

11.   Philip has to work hard to ____________ in his study.

12.   Mark _____________ the tree because it grows over the fence into the neighbor�s yard.

13.   The ruby ring she wears is _______________. It is very expensive.

14.   After attending only one lecture, Arthur can ______________ it immediately.

15.   The little sister tries to ________________ my voice.

 

Answer key

1.    Prof. Johnson is a distinguished guest speaker who is an expert in geology.

2.    Jennifer is always dependent on her friends. She cannot do anything by herself.

3.    My intention is to finish my report before taking the trip to New York.

4.    The mechanism of our body is very interesting.

5.    My room is very orderly. It�s not messy as you think.

6.    In comparison with Bangkok, Chiang Mai is a big province.

7.    I spend a considerable amount of time doing my assignment.

8.    Some customers always gripe about the taste of the food in this restaurant.

9.    The books in the library are too numerous to read within 2 months.

10.     The visitors show their enthusiasm for the art exhibition. They spend almost 5 hours there.

11. Philip has to work hard to get ahead in his study.

12. Mark trims the tree because it grows over the fence into the neighbor�s yard.

13. The ruby ring she wears is genuine. It is very expensive.

14. After attending only one lecture, Arthur can catch on it immediately.

15. The little sister tries to imitate my voice.

 

Grammar

The same as, similar to, alike and different from

 

������ҹ���������� same, similar, different ��� alike  ���ʴ�����ᵡ��ҧ���ͤ�������͹�ѹ

1.    same, similar, alike ��� different  ��˹�ҷ���繤Ӥس�Ѿ��

 

������ҧ          These are the same books.

                    These are similar books.

                   These are different books.

                   These books are alike.

 

2.    same ���ʴ��֧��觢ͧ���������º��º�������͹�ѹ ���ᵡ��ҧ�ѹ

�� the ��˹�� same   ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½  be + the same ������� as    �ӹ�����ͤ���þ��������������ҧ

BE + the same ��� as

 

������ҧ          This book is the same as that one.

                   That is the same book as this one.

 

1.     similar �ʴ������繶֧ �դ���ᵡ��ҧ��硹��������ҧ��觢ͧ���������º��º

 BE + similar  ���˹�Ҥӹ����Ф���þ�������繾�پ������ͻ�иҹ������ҡ����˹�觵��

 (compound subject)

 

������ҧ           These books are similar.

                      This book and that one are similar.

 

��觢ͧ���������º��º�Ҩ�ж١�¡��  BE + similar to

 

������ҧ           This book is similar to that one.

 

2.    alike ���ʴ���� ��觢ͧ���������º��º�Ҩ������͹�ѹ ��������͹�ѹ���ҧ����ԧ

BE + alike   ���˹�Ҥӹ����Ф���þ�������繾�پ������ͻ�иҹ������ҡ����˹�觵��

 

������ҧ          These novels are alike.

                   This magazine and this book are alike.

 

3.    BE +  different ������� from

 

������ҧ           This book is different from that one.

 

Exercise

�ӻ���¤�������ó����� the same (as), similar (to), alike ��� different (from)

1.       My shoes are _________________ yours in color, size and style. We have many things in common.

2.       Peter�s car is ____________________ mine. His is bigger.

3.       Phillip and Margaret are not ___________________ sex.

4.       The weather in Canada is very ________________________ the weather in Thailand. In Canada, it is very cold whereas in Thailand it is very hot.

5.       This course is ___________________ a course I took in my country. So I have no problem in my study.

6.       His cats are not _________________. One is white and the other is black.

7.       This suit is _______________________one I bought last month. The jacket is exactly, ___________________ but the pants are _____________________mine.

 

Answer key

1.       My shoes are the same as yours in color, size and style. We have many things in common.

2.       Peter�s car is different from mine. His is bigger.

3.       Phillip and Margaret are not the same sex.

4.       The weather in Canada is very different from the weather in Thailand. In Canada, it is very cold whereas in Thailand it is very hot.

5.       This course is similar to a course I took in my country. So I have no problem in my study.

6.       His cats are not alike / the same. One is white and the other is black.

7.       This suit is similar to one I bought last month. The jacket is exactly the same, but the pants are different from mine.

 

Suffixes :  -ic / -ical

          Suffixes �ic  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½  -ical  �����ѧ�ӹ�����ͷ��������繤Ӥس�Ѿ�� ������¶֧ of , like ������������� with

������ҧ        

algebra   �ժ��Ե                                              algebraic    ����ǡѺ�ժ��Ե   ��㹾ժ��Ե  

atom      ��                                               atomic       ����ҡ

history    ����ѵ���ʵ��                                       historic   ����ǡѺ/�դ����Ӥѭ�ҧ����ѵ���ʵ��     

                                                                   historical    ��觻���ѵ���ʵ��   �ժ���㹻���ѵ���ʵ��

economy  ���ɰ�Ԩ                                            economic  ����ǡѺ���ɰ�Ԩ  

          economical  �����Ѵ

atmosphere     ����ҡ��                                   atmospheric   ����ǡѺ����ҡ��

barometer   ��ͷ�Ѵ�������ͧ�ҡ��                    barometric  ����Ѵ������ͷ�Ѵ�������ͧ�ҡ��     

emphasis     �����                                          emphatic   �繡����

anesthesia    �����������֡                                  anesthetic   ������������������֡

method      ����º�Ը�                                       methodical    �ӵ������º�Ը�

comic         �ѡ�ʴ��š                                    comical   �š

mechanic      ��ҧ��   ��ҧ����ͧ                            mechanical   㹷ҧ���

technology   �Ԫ�෤�Ԥ                                      technological    ����ԪҪ�ҧ   ����ԪҪ�ҧ

cylinder      ��к͡�ٺ                                      cylindrical    �ç��к͡

surgery        ������ʵ��                                      surgical   ���������ʵ��  

chemistry    ���                                               chemical    ������

thermostat   ����ͧ�ѵ��ѵԺѧ�Ѻ�س�������餧���            thermostatic    �ѧ�Ѻ�س�����

 

Exercise

�����㹪�ͧ��ҧ����ӷ��١��ͧ

1.       Both oxygen and nitrogen are found in the _________________________________.

                                                               atmosphere / atmospheric

 

2.       In the operating room, the surgeons need ___________________________equipment.

                                                               surgery /  surgical

 

3.       Prof. Smith�s _________________________ of teaching is very interesting.

                       method /  methodical

 

4.       This ______________________ substance is very dangerous. Don�t touch it!

          chemistry / chemical

 

5.       My father knows everything about cars. He�s very __________________________.

                                                                     mechanic / mechanical

 

6.       The professor put a strong _________________________ on the last chapter.

                                         emphasis / emphatic

 

7.       I don�t have enough money. So I decide to buy a more ______________________car.

        economy / economical

 

8.       I like to study _______________________. I�m interested in past events.

   history / historical

 

9.       There is something wrong with ________________________. It�s very cold in here.

   thermostat / thermostatic

 

10.   We need to make use of the most advanced ___________________in medical fields.

   technology / technological

 

Answer key

1.       Both oxygen and nitrogen are found in the atmosphere.

2.       In the operating room, the surgeons need surgical equipment.

3.       Prof. Smith�s method of teaching is very interesting.

4.       Nicotine is chemical substance in cigarette.

5.       My father knows everything about cars. He�s very mechanical.

6.       The professor put a strong emphasis on the last chapter.

7.       I don�t have enough money. So I decide to buy a more economical car.

8.       I like to study history. I�m interested in past events.

9.       There is something wrong with thermostat. It�s very cold in here.

10.   We need to make use of the most advanced technology in medical fields.

 

Adverbial connectives of summation

Summation ��� �����ػ�������ѡẺ���� ���͡�ù�㨤����Ӥѭ�ҡ�������� �Ҩ��㨤����������� �¨Т�鹵鹴�����շ���˹�ҷ������͹������ɳ� (adverbial phrase) ����������仹��������鹵�������ػ

 

all in all

consequently

in all

in conclusion

to conclude

to put it briefly

in short

to summarize

in other words

in summary

 

 

 

������ҧ

          I enjoyed my trip to London, even though it was very short. I especially liked visiting the London Eye, Buckingham Palace, Tower Bridge and Big Ben. All in all, I had a great time there.

 

          �ҡ���ҧ��ҧ��ҧ��� ���բ����Ţͧ���Ф�����դ�������͹���ᵡ��ҧ�ѹ �������ö�������º��º�����ػ㨤����Ӥѭ��ѧ������ҧ���仹��

 

 

Name     :    Mark Walter

Sex        :    male

Age        :    26

Height    :    6�4�

Weight   :    189

Service   :    Navy

Rank      :    Chief Petty Officer 1st class

Likes      :    rock n� Roll

                  bicycling

                  movies

Dislikes   :    cooking

                  physical training

 

Name     :    Peter Thomson

Sex        :    male

Age        :    25

Height    :    6�3�

Weight   :    191

Service   :    Navy

Rank      :    Chief Petty Officer 1st class

Likes      :    rock n� Roll

                  swimming

                  movies

Dislikes   :    cooking

                  physical training

 

 

Name     :    Sarah Lewis

Sex        :    female

Age        :    28

Height    :    5�5�

Weight   :    100

Service   :    Air Force

Rank      :    Flight Lieutenant

Likes      :    pop

                  tennis

                  books

Dislikes   :    parties

                  hiking

 

Name     :    Joe Jacobs

Sex        :    male

Age        :    46

Height    :    6�7�

Weight   :    210

Service   :    Army

Rank      :    Lieutenant Colonel

Likes      :    musical

                  hiking

                  soccer

Dislikes   :    cleaning

                  tennis

 

1.    In conclusion, Mark and Peter have a lot in common.

2.    To put it briefly, Sarah and Joe are not at all alike.

3.    In all, Mark and Peter are quite similar to each other.

4.    To summarize, Sarah and Joe are very different.

5.    In short, Mark and Peter have more in common than Sarah and Joe.

 

quite a few   vs   a great deal of


quite a few  =  many  ������ҡ ��Ѻ�ӹ���Ѻ�� ��㹻���¤�͡����  �Ӷ�� ��ФӶ������ʸ   �������㹻���¤����ʸ

������ҧ          There are quite a few athletes missing the competition.

Are there quite a few athletes missing the competition?

Aren�t there quite a few athletes missing the competition?

                 

A great deal of  =  much  ������ҡ ��Ѻ����Ѻ����� ��㹻���¤�͡���� ����ʸ �Ӷ����ФӶ������ʸ

 ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò§       She spent a great deal of time doing shopping.

                  She didn�t spend a great deal of time doing shopping.

                  Did she spend a great deal of time doing shopping?

                  Didn�t she spend a great deal of time doing shopping?

 

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